Wednesday, March 23, 2022

3-24-22: Sentences in Japanese

  1. Karatto - open hearted character

Ano hito wa karatto shite iru kara sonna chiisana koto wa ki ni shinai deshou. 

That person is easygoing, so he will not be worried about such trivialities. 


2. Karakara- extreme dryness

Nodo ga karakara da 

I'm parched.


Ame ga furanai no de kuuki ga karakara ni kansou shiteiru. 

It has not yet rained, so the air is really dry.


3. karakau - tease, kid


karakawanai de kudasai 

Please don't tease me 


Ano hito no iikata da to, homete iru no ka, karakate iru no ka wakaranai 

From the way he talked, we can't tell if he's praising or teasing. 


4. karamu - pester, annoy

yopparai ni karamareta 

A drunk gave me a hard time.


Wind around, get entangled, be caught

Sharin ni ropu ga karande, ugokunaku natta 

A rope has got entangled roudn the wheel, and it won't turn. 


be involved

kono jiken ni wa kinsen mondai ga karande iru 

A money problem is involved in this case.


Iroirona jijou ga karande iru node, kantan ni wa kimerarenai. 

There are a  lot of factors invovled, so it's hard for me to decide. 


5. kari ni- if

kari ni mo daigakusei nara kore kurai no koto wa shitte ite touzen desu. 

If you are a university student at all, you should know such a thing.


kari ni mo kyoushi de aru anata ga sonna jishin no nai koto de wa komarimasu.

If you are a teacher worthy of the name, you should not be unsure of yourself like that. 


kari ni 100 man en moratta to shitara, nan ni tsukaimasu ka. 

If you were given a million yen, what would you use it for?


6. kaotsuki - facial expression

kare wa osoroshii kabutsuki de watashi wo niramitsuketa.

He stared at me with a harsh look.


kare wa ikanimo mendokusasou na kaotsuki de shigoto wo shite iru.

He is doing the job with obvious reluctance on his face.


7. Kappatsu - lively, vigorous, active

Minasan no kappatsu na hatsugen wo ktiai shiteimasu. 

I am expecting every one's active participation in the discussion.


8. Kappuru - couple

Ano futari wa niai no kappuru da

That couple is a perfect match. 


9. kanzen - perfection

ningen no shigoto ni kanzen o ktiai suru no wa muri da.

It is impossible to expect perfection in the work of human beings. 


Jishin de machi wa kanzen ni hakai sareta.

The town was completely destroyed by the earthquake. 


10.  kao -face, expression


Kare wa eigo ga hanaseru kara to itte ookina kao o shite iru. 

he acts big just because he can speak English. 


 11. kaoiro- kare wa joushi no kaori bakari ukagatte iru .

He is always trying to read his boss's face. 


12. kuuki- atmosphere

Shokuba no kuuki ni mada najimenai.

I still cannot get used to the atmosphere in my workplace.


kaijou wa kinpaku shita kuuki ni tsutsumarete ita.

The atmosphere in the meeting place was tense. 


13. Kudokudo- tediously, repeatedly


kare wa kudokudo to iiwake o kurikaeshita.

He tediously repeated his excuse. 


Wakatteimasu kara, kudkudo iwanai de kudasai. 

I already know that. DOn't keep harping on the same theme. 


14. kufuu suru - idea or device to improve something


Chottoshita kufuu de, seikatsu ga benri ni narimasu.

Life can be made more convenient with just a few good ideas. 


15. kagirareta zairyou de, kufuu shite ryouri o koshiraeta. 

I managed to cook the food using limited ingredients. 


16. kuichigai-discrepancy, difference


futari no shougen ni wa kuichigai ga aru

There are some discrepancies between the testimonies of the two.


Iin no aida de kenkai ni kuichigai ga shoujita. 

SOme differences of opinion arose among the committee members.


17. kuichigau - Do not meet, do not concide


Futari no hanashi ga kuichigatte iru 

Those two stories don't concide


18. kuimono - food, victim, prey


kare wa toshiyori o kuimono i shite moukete iru. 

He's making money by preying on elderly people. 


19. kudoi- heavy

Ano hito no hanashi wa kudoi - His way of talking is heavy going


Kono mise no ryouri wa chotto aji ga kudoi

The food in this restaurant is too heavy. 


20. Kudoku- persuade


Chichi wo kudoite, ryuugaku wo yurushite moratta. 

I persuaded my father to give me his permission to study abroad. 


Kare wa mawari no hito ni kudokarete yatoo ryokou no kanji wo hikiuketa. He was finally persuaded by the people around him to be the organizer of the trip. 


Make advances to - kare wa ki ga yowakute, onna no ko mo kudokenai

He is timid and has never made advances to a girl. 


21. kuwashii- detailed

kono jiko ni kanshite kuwashii koto wa mada wakatta imasen. 

We dont know the details concerning this accident yet. 


Know well, well-informed

kare wa houritsu ni kuwashii 

He is very familiar with the law 


Sono ten ni tsuite wa jijou ni kuwashii hito de nai to wakaranai 

About tht point, only a person well-informed about the situation would know. 


22. Kuyashii - mortified

Shiai ni makete kuyashii- I'm upset that we lost the game. 


Kuyashii keredo doryoku ga tarinakatta to omotte akiramemasu.

I'm annoyed but I guess I didn't try hard enough, so I'll just forget about it. 


23. kuyokuyo- keep brooding over

kuyokuyo nayamu dake de wa mondai wa kaiketsu shinai

The problem will not be solved just by brooding over it. 


Kuyokuyo shite mo shikata ga nai. Wasureyou. It's no use brooding over it. Let's forget about it. Ichido shippai shita kurai de kuyokuyo suru koto nai desu yo. 

You needn't be so depressed so long over a single failure. 


24. kyakkanteki- objective


Dochira ga tadashii ka wa minasan no kyakkanteki na handan ni omakase shimasu. 

It's up to you to decide objectivey which is right. Kyakkanteki ni mite, ima no jokyou wa kochira ni kanari furi da. Looking at it objectively, the situation is pretty disadvantageous to us. 


25. kyasha - delicate, frail, slim 

kanojo wa kara datsuki ga kyasha da. She has a delicate build. 


Kyasha na karada na noni, yoku sonna chikara. 

Shigoto ga dekimasu ne. 

How can you do such heavy work with a frail body like yours?


Kono isu wa kyasha de, watashi ga suwaru to kowaresou da. 

This chair is so frail that it looks like it would break if I sat on it. 


26. kyougen - jisatsu o hakaru 

attempt suicide to gain attention 


Goutou ni hairareta to iu hanashi wa, doumo kyougen rashii. It seems that the story about the break in is a sham. 


27. Kyouguu- personal situation, personal circumstances

Kanojo no kyouguu ni wa dare mo ga doujou shite iru. 

Everybody sympathizes with the predicament she's in. 


Donna kyouguu ni okarete mo kibou o sutete wa ikenai. 

One musn't lose hipe no matter how bad the situation is. 


Itsumademo konna kyouguu ni amanjite iru tsumori wa nai. 

I dont intend to be content with these circumstances forever. 


28. kyouhi suru- rejection, refusal 


Musume wa kekkon no hanashi ni naru to kyouhi - hanno o shimesu. Whenever we start talking about marraige, my daughter refuses to listen. 


29. Kyouiku-education

kanojo wa igirisu de kyouiku o uketa. 

She received her education in Britain. 


30. kyoka o ete kara shashin wo totte kudasai

Please obtain permission before taking pictures. 


Shachou wa keikaku no jishi wo kyokashita

The president gave permission to execute the plan. 


31. kyoku- piece of music, tune

Nanika 1-kyoku utatte kudasai 

Please sing a song


32. Kyoukun-lesson, teachings

kono shippai o kyoukun ni shite, ganbarimasu

I'll make use of what I've learned from this failure and do my best. 


Kondo no toraburu kara kichou na kyoukun o eta. 

I learned a valuable lesson from this problem. 


33. kyokutan- extreme- 

kanojo no iken wa kyokutan kara kyokutan ni hashiru 

Her opinion goes from one extreme to another. 


34. kare no yaru koto wa nandemo kyokutan da. 

Whatever he does is extreme. 


Kyokutan na iikata o sureba, uchi wa hasansunzen nan desu. 

To put it in an extreme way, we are on the brink of bankruptcy. 


kanojo wa chichioya o kyokutan ni kiratte iru.

She dislikes her father extremely


35. kyoumi- interest

watashi wa nihon no rekishi ni kyoumi ga aru

I'm interested in Japanese history. 


Kanojo wa ironna koto ni kyoumi o motte iru

She is a person of varied interests. 


Kare wa shigoto ni kyoumi o nakushite iru

He has lost interest in his job. 


kono kiji wa kyoumi - horii ni kakarete iru. 

Thi article is written to pander to people's curiosity. 


kono shiai g dou naru ka kyoumi shinshin da. 

It'll be very interesting to see how this game goes. 


36. kyouryoku- cooperation, collaboration

kasai- boushi no tame ni shimin ni kyouryoku o yobikakete iru.

They are calling out the citizens to cooperate for fire protection. 


37. kore wa minasan no kyouryoku ga nakereba dekinakattta koto desu. 

This could not have been done without your cooperation. 


Kono kikaku ni wa watashitachi no kyouryoku o oshimimasen. We will give unstinting cooperation with your plan. 


Cooperate, work together

Minna de kyouryoku sureba, kitto seikou-suru. 

If we work together, we will succeed for sure. 


Otagai ni kyoryoku shite, tanoshii shokuba ni shiyou. 

Let's cooperate with each other to make an enjoyable workplace. 


37. kyousei suru - forcing, compelling

kifu wo kyousei suru no wa yokunai

It's not good to compel a person to donate. 


Nanigoto mo kyousei sareru to yaritakunaku naru. 

I dont feel like donating anything when I'm forced to do it. 


38. kyoushukusuru - feeling much obliged

wazawaza oide kudasatte kyoushuku desu

I'm grateful that you came all the way. 


Kyoshuku desu ga koko ni onamae o kaite itadakemasen ka. 

I'd be much obliged if you'd write your name here. 


Watashi no kuruma de ookuri-shimasu yo. 

"Kyoushuku desu" I'll take you home in my car. I'm much obliged. 


Jibun no misu de minna ni meiwaku o kakete kyouchukushita. I felt guilty to have caused trouble for everyone by my mistake. 


Sensei ni kuruma de okutte itadaite kyouchuku shita. 

I felt much obliged to my taecher for driving me home. 


39. kyousou suru- competition, contest, rivalry

kare wa kyousoushin ga tsuyoi 

He has a strong competitive spirit


Doubutsu no seizon kyousou wa kibishii

The struggle for existence in the animal world is severe


40. kyoutsuu suru - common, shared

watashitachi no aida ni wa kyoutsuu no wadai ga nai

There is no common topic of conversation between us


kono futatsu no jiken ni wa, kyoutsu suru ten ga ikutsuka aru. 

These two cases have several points in common. 


41. kyoyou suru - permit, allow, tolerate

kono teido no gosa nara kyoyou dekiru

An error to this degree can be tolerated.

Friday, September 3, 2021

9-4-21: Similar Chinese Characters

1.) 我 / 找 – Wǒ / Zhǎo - I/find

2.) 钱/ 线 - Qián/xiàn - Money/line

3.) 已 / 己 – Yǐ / Jǐ - already or stop / oneself/personal


4.) 末 / 未 – Mò / Wèi
5.) 人 / 入-  Rén/ Rù - person/to go into or enter
6.) 土 / 士 –  Tǔ / Shì - earth or local or dust  / scholar or soldier or warrior 
The character  is used in a lot of official names and titles, such as 兵 (soldier), 人 (public figure), 战 (fighter; soldier), 人 (scholar).
7.) 环 / 坏 – Huán / Huài
  • 环 – Ring, hoop, link
  • 坏 – Bad, harmful
8.) 干 / 千 – Gàn / Qiān - dry, clean or ignore / thousand
9.) 江 / 汪 – Jiāng / Wāng - river/pond or pool
10.) 特 / 持 –  Tè / Chí (寺 sì)
  • 特 – Special, Unique
  • 持 – Hold, Grasp, Support
  • 特别 – Special/Particular - Tèbié
  • 特产 – Special Local Product (another for the tourist trail) - Tèchǎn
  • 特点 – Characteristic - Tèdiǎn
11.) 辛 / 幸 –  Xīn / Xìng
  • 辛 – Hot (adj)/Suffering (Noun)
  • 幸 – Fortune/Good Luck/Happiness
  • 幸福 – Happiness
  • 幸运 – Good Fortune
  • 幸亏 – Fortunately
12.) 今 / 令 – Jīn / Lìng
  • 今 – Modern/Present
  • 令 – Order/Command
13.) 牛 / 午 – Niú / Wǔ
  •  – Cow
  •  – Noon
  • 奶 – Milk - Niúnǎi
  • 午 – Afternoon - Xiàwǔ
  • 肉 – Beef - Niúròu
  • 饭 – Lunch - Wǔfàn
  • 仔 – Cowboy - Niúzǎi
  • 夜 – Midnight - Wǔyè
14.) 尘 / 尖 – Chén / Jiān
  • 尘  – Dust/Dirt
  • 尖  – Point (of a needle)/Tip/Top
  • 刀 – Sharp Knife - Jiāndāo
  • 峰 – Peak/Summit - Jiānfēng
  • 土 – Dust - Chéntǔ
  • 云 – Dust Cloud - Chén yún
15.) 乐 / 东 – Lè / Dōng
16.) 刀 / 力 – Dāo / Lì 
  •  – Knife
  •  – Power, Force, Strength
  •  气 – Physical Strength - Lìqì
  • 力 – Hard Working - Nǔlì
  •  – Pressure - Yālì
  •  – Motivation - Dònglì
  • 叉 – Knife and Fork - Dāo chā
17.) 手 / 毛 – Shǒu / Máo - hand/hair, fur or wool
18.) 大 / 犬 – Dà / Quǎn
  •  – Big
  • 犬 – Dog 
  • 了 – Too big - Tài dàle
  • 太累了 – Too tired - Tài lèile
  • 太贵了 – Too expensive - Tài guìle
19.) 谁 / 准  – Shéi / Zhǔn  (推 Tuī)
  •  – Who
  •  – Allow/To Grant
  • 准备 – Prepare - Zhǔnbèi
  • 准确 – Accurate/Exact - Zhǔnquè
  • 准时 – Punctual/On Time - Zhǔnshí
  • 推 - Tuī -  push (3rd character)
20.) 耍 / 要 – Shuǎ / Yào
  •  – Play with/trick
  •  – Want/Will/Must
21.) 市 / 布 – Shì / Bù
  •  Shì can mean city like in 城市 (chéngshì) , but it can also mean market for example: 场 (shìcháng).
  • 布 Bù on its own means cloth, like in dishcloth 洗碗布 (xǐwǎn bù). It can also be a verb meaning to declare or announce, such as in the word 发布 (fābù) meaning issue or release.
22.) 实 / 卖 / 买 – Shí / Mài / Mǎi
  •  – Reality/Fact
  •  – Sell
  • 买 – Buy
23.) 师 / 帅 – Shī / Shuài - Teacher/handsome or beautiful
24.) 农 / 衣 – Nóng / Yī
  • 农 Nóng – on it’s own this means agriculture or farming. It’s put together with other characters to mean pretty much everything to do with these terms.
  • 农民 means peasant; it’s a common way of referring to someone from rural parts of China. Nóngmín
  • 衣 Yī – means clothing or garment. It’s generally put together with other characters to make words.
  • 衣服 Yīfú for example is a generic word for clothes, and 内衣 Nèiyī means underwear (literally ‘inside clothes’).
25.) 旱 / 早 – Hàn / Zǎo
  •  – Drought
  •  – Early
26.) 见 / 贝 – Jiàn / Bèi
  • 见 Jiàn – to see or to meet
  • For example 见到 Jiàn dào means to see or catch sight of something, and 面 Jiànmiàn means to meet somebody.
  • 贝 Bèi – this refers to a sea shell or in some cases to money.
  • It’s often used in words translated from other languages to make the sound ‘bèi’, for example bass guitar is 贝斯 bèisī
27.) 便 / 使 – Biàn / Shǐ
  • 便利店 – Convenience Store
  • 便于 – Easy to
28.) 水 / 永 – Shuǐ / Yǒng
  • 水 – Water
  • 永 – Eternal, long lasting
29.) 職 / 識 – Zhí / Shí
  • 職 – Job/Duty
  • 識 – Knowledge
30.) 辦 / 辯 – Bàn / Biàn
  • 辦 – Do/Handle/Manage/Tackle
  • 辯 – Argue
31.) 邁 / 遇 – Mài / Yù
  • 邁 – Step/Stride
  • 遇 – Chance/Opportunity
32.) 變 / 戀 – Biàn / Liàn
SIMPLIFIED VERSIONS – 变 / 恋
  • 變 – become different
  • 戀 – love/attached to
33.) 七 / 匕 – Qī / Bǐ - seven/ dagger
34.) 暖 / 暧 – Nuǎn / Ài
  • 暖 – Warm
  • 暧 – Dim/Obscure
35.) 更 / 吏 – Gèng / Lì
  • 更 – More/Even More
  • 吏 – Government Clerk/Official
  • 更好 – Even Better
  • 更多 – Even More
36.) // – Bīng/Pīng/Pāng
  • 兵力” (bīnglì) for example means “military strength”
  • “士兵” (shìbīng) means “soldier”
  • “兵器” (bīngqì) means “weapons, arms”
  • “步兵” (bùbīng) is “infantry” (“步” means step, go on foot, so the literal meaning is “foot soldier”)
37.) 哀/衰/衷 – Āi/Shuāi/Zhōng
“哀” means “sorrow” or “grief”,
 “衰” means “to become weak” and 
“衷” means “inner feelings”.

Saturday, August 21, 2021

8-22-21: Korean Lesson 1

 Vocabulary

The vocabulary is separated into nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs for the purpose of simplicity.

Click on the English word to see information and examples of that word in use (you probably won’t be able to understand the grammar within the sentences at this point, but it is good to see as you progress through your learning).

A PDF file neatly presenting these words and extra information can be found 

Want to give your brain practice at recognizing these words? Try finding the words in this vocabulary list in a 

Nouns:
= Korea

Common Usages:
한국 사람 = Korean person
한국어 = Korean language (For Korean people, Korean language class is called “국어 (수업)”)
한국인 = Korean person
한국 역사 = Korean history (in school, Korean history class is usually called “한국사 (수업)”)
한국 문화 = Korean culture
한국 경제 = Korean economy
한국 전쟁 = the Korean War
한국주식시장 = Korean stock market
한국어능력시험 = Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK)

Notes: The formal name of the country is 대한민국

Examples
저는 7년 동안 한국에서 살았어요 = I lived in Korea for seven years
저는 내년에 한국에 갈 거예요 = I will go to Korea next year
저의 어머니는 올해 한국에 올 것입니다 = My mom will come to Korea this year
저는 한국어를 한국에서 배웠어요 = I learned Korean in Korea
고등학교는 한국에서 어려워요 = High school is difficult in Korea
그 집은 한국에서 지어졌어요 = that house was built in Korea
저는 한국에서 살고 있어요 = I live in Korea

There are 1050 vocabulary entries in Unit 1. All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package 

For help memorizing these words, try using our 

You might also want to try listening to all of the words on loop with this 



Greeting Words

Throughout my lessons, I will only use grammar and vocabulary that you have learned from a previous lesson. In , I taught you how to write words in Korean. Above, you can see the first set of words you should study to get you started. I have not yet taught you how to use those words or how conjugate them.

The words for “hello,” “thank you,” “how are you,” and “please” are actually quite difficult in Korean. There is actually grammar within the words themselves. At this stage, I would simply memorize these “greeting words” as one unit, and you can worry about the grammar within them later when it becomes relevant. The words are:

 = hello

감사하다 and 고맙다 are the two words that are commonly used to say “thank you.” However, they are rarely used in those forms and are almost always conjugated. They can be conjugated in a variety of ways, which will be introduced in and  The most common ways to conjugate these words are:


The way to say “how are you?” in Korean is:

= How are you?

Although this is the most literal way to ask “how are you?” in Korean, it is not as common as the English expression. Korean people love food, and common way to greet somebody is to ask them if they have eaten. The idea of asking questions in Korean is taught in 

The way to say “please” in Korean is:

= Please

It is, of course, important for you to memorize these expressions in Korean, but you need to know that there is a reason why they are said that way. For now, don’t worry about why they are said that way, and simply memorize them. We will get back to them in later lessons when they become important.



Sentence Word Order

Korean has a sentence structure that is hard to grasp initially for English speakers. For our purposes in Lesson 1, the words in Korean sentences are written in the following order:

Subject – Object – Verb (for example: I hamburger eat)
Or
Subject – Adjective (for example: I beautiful)

I am going to quickly explain what a “subject” and “object” mean, as your ability to understand later concepts depends on your understanding of this.
The subject refers to person/thing/noun/whatever that is acting. The subject does the action of the verb. For example, the subject in each sentence below is underlined:

I went to the park
I will go to the park
My mom loves me
He loves me
The dog ran fast
The clouds cleared up

In English, the subject always comes before the verb.

The object refers to whatever the verb is acting on. For example, the object in each sentence below is underlined

My mom loves me
The dog bit the mailman
He ate rice
Students studied Korean

In English, the object always comes after the verb. However, a sentence with a verb does not require an object. For example:

I slept
I ate
He died

Sometimes there is no object because it has simply been omitted from the sentence. For example, “I ate” or “I ate rice” are both correct sentences. Other verbs, by their nature, cannot act on an object. For example, you cannot place an object after the verbs “to sleep” or “to go:”

I sleep you
I go you

Subjects are also present in sentences with adjectives. However, there is no object in a sentence with an adjective. The subjects are underlined in the following adjective-sentences below:

School is boring
I am boring
The movie was funny
The building is big
My girlfriend is pretty
The food is delicious

Verbs and adjectives are placed at the end of a sentence. Actually, every Korean sentence and clause must end in one of the following:

– A verb
– An adjective, or
– 이다

I talk about the meaning of 이다 later in this lesson. It is neither a verb nor an adjective, but it behaves like them. Every verb, every adjective and 이다 end in “다,” and these are the only words in Korean that can be conjugated.

Korean also has a formality system built into the language. That is, the way one speaks to an older person who deserves high respect would be different than the way one speaks to a friend. There are many ways words in a sentence can change depending on the formality of the situation, but the two most common, basic and important things to be aware of are:

1) There are two ways to say “I” or “me” in Korean:

나, used in informal situations, and
저, used in formal situations.

2) There are many ways to conjugate a word. As we saw above, the word 고맙다 can be conjugated many different ways. It is important to know which conjugation to use in which situation. This is taught in . Until Lesson 6, I make no distinction of formality and the focus is more on sentence structure than conjugations. Until then, you will see both 나 and 저 arbitrarily used. Don’t worry about why one is used over the other until Lesson 6, when formalities will be explained.

Okay, now that you know all of that, we can talk about making Korean sentences.


Korean Particles (~는/은 and ~를/을)

Most words in a Korean sentence have a particle (a fancy word to say ‘something’) attached to them. These particles indicate the role of each word in a sentence – that is, specifically which word is the subject or object. Note that there is absolutely no way of translating these particles to English, as we do not use anything like them.
The following are the particles you should know for this lesson:

는 or 은 (Subject)
This is placed after a word to indicate that it is the subject of a sentence.
Use 는 when the last letter of the last syllable of the subject is a vowel. For example:
나 = 나는
저 = 저는

Use 은 when the last letter of the last syllable of the subject is a consonant. For example:
집 = 집은
책 = 책은

를 or 을 (Object)
This is placed after a word to indicate that is the object of a sentence.
Use 를 when the last letter of the last syllable is a vowel. For example:
나 = 나를
저 = 저를

Use을 when the last letter of the last syllable is a consonant. For example:
집 = 집을
책 = 책을

We can now make sentences using the Korean sentence structure and the Korean particles.

1) I speak Korean = I는 Korean을 speak
는 is attached to “I” (the subject)
을 is attached to “Korean” (the object)

2) I like you = I는 you를 like
는 is attached to “I” (the subject)
를 is attached to “you” (the object)

3) I wrote a letter = I는 letter을 wrote
는 is attached to “I” (the subject)
을 is attached to “letter” (the object)

4) I opened the door = I는 door을 opened
는 is attached to “I” (the subject)
을 is attached to “the door” (the object)

5) My mom will make pasta = My mom은 pasta를 will make
은 is attached to “my mom” (the subject)
를 is attached to “pasta” (the object)

The same could be done for sentences with adjectives. However, remember that sentences with adjectives will not have an object:

1) My girlfriend is pretty: My girlfriend은 is pretty
“은” is attached to “my girlfriend” (the subject)

2) The movie was scary = The movie는 was scary
“는” is attached to “the movie” (the subject)

We will now switch our focus to using actual Korean words to create sentences ending in 이다.



To be: 이다

Let’s start building sentences in Korean. In this lesson, we will start by making simple sentences using the word 이다. The translation for “이다” is “to be.”  English speakers often don’t realize how difficult the word “to be” is. Depending on who is being referred to, the word “to be” could be any of the underlined words below:

am a man
He is a man
They are men
was a man
They were men

In each of those sentences, a different word (is, am, are, was, were) is used depending on the subject and tense of the sentence. I can’t imagine how difficult this would be for an English learner. In Korean, the 이다 is used to represent all of those “to be” words.

As mentioned earlier, 이다 can be conjugated. In that way, 이다 is similar to verbs and adjectives, but the rules for 이다 are often (but not always) different. I will teach you how 이다 differs from verbs and adjectives as it becomes important in later lessons. For example, in Lesson 52 you will learn that the process for quoting a sentence with 이다 is different than with verbs and adjectives.

Like adjectives, 이다 can not act on an object. Only verbs can act on objects. For example:

I eat hamburgers (eat is a verb, the object is a hamburger)
She meets my friend (meet is a verb, the object is my friend)
They study Korean (study is a verb, the object is Korean)
We listen to music (listen is a verb, the object is music)

All of those sentences (can) have objects because the verb is the predicate of the sentence. However, in sentences that are predicated by adjectives, there will not be an object

I am pretty
She is beautiful
They are hungry
We are smart

Look at those four sentences. When we use adjectives in English, we must also use “to be” words like am, is and are. In other words, we cannot make sentences like this:

I pretty
She beautiful
They hungry
We smart

Unlike in English, 이다 is not used in these types of sentences. That is, we do not use 이다 to indicate that something “is” an adjective. The structure of sentences predicated by adjectives is discussed in Lesson 3.

So, 이다 is not used in these types of sentences:

am pretty
She is beautiful
They are hungry
We are smart

However, 이다 is used in these types of sentences:

am a man
He is a man
They are men
was a man
They were men

이다 is used to indicate that a noun is a noun. The basic structure for a sentence predicated by “이다” is:

[noun은/는] [another noun][이다]

For example:
I는 man이다 = I am a man

Now substitute the words for “man” and “I,” which are:

나 = I
남자 = man

The Korean sentence would look like this:

나는 남자이다 = I am a man

Notice that 이다 is attached directly to the second noun. Verbs and adjectives are not attached to nouns like this, but 이다 is. It would be incorrect to include a space between the second noun and 이다. For example, this would be incorrect:

나는 남자 이다

Although it might look and feel like “남자” is an object in that sentence, it is not. 이다, like adjectives and unlike verbs cannot act on an object. It would be incorrect to include the object particle on the second noun. For example, this would be incorrect:

나는 남자를 이다


The focus of this lesson ( is to introduce you to simple Korean sentence structure. Until you reach and  you will not be exposed to the conjugations and honorifics of Korean verbs, adjectives and 이다. These words are very rarely used without conjugations and honorifics.

The conjugation of sentences is very important, but so is the structure of sentences. When creating these lessons, I went back in forth many times thinking about which one I should present first. You can’t conjugate sentences if you don’t have a logical sentence to conjugate; and you can’t create a logical sentence if you don’t know how to conjugate it. In the end, I figured it would make more sense to present the information this way – where learners are introduced to sentence structure and then learn how to conjugate the words within the sentence.

Throughout all of my lessons, I use example sentences to show how grammar can be used. The example sentences in Lessons 1 – 4 are not conjugated. However, directly beneath each non-conjugated sentence is a conjugated version of the same sentence in parenthesis (one formal and one informal conjugation). You might want to glimpse at how the words are conjugated, but remember that this will be taught in and  (for verbs and adjectives) and  (for 이다).


Other examples of 이다 in use:

나는 여자이다 = I am a woman

나는 선생님이다 = I am a teacher

나는 사람이다 = I am a person

나는 ______이다 = I am a _______
(나는 _______ 이야 / 저는 _____이에요)

You can substitute any noun into the blank space to make these sentences.

The words “this” and “that” are often used as the subject of these types of sentences. Let’s now look at how we can apply 이것, 그것 and 저것 to sentences with 이다.


 



This and That (이/그/저)

You can see in the vocabulary above that the word for “this” is 이 in Korean.
We use 이 in Korean when we are talking about something that is within touching distance (For example: this pen – i.e. the one I am holding). Just like in English “이” (this) is placed before the noun it is describing. For example:

이 사람 = This person
이 남자 = This man
이 여자 = This woman
이 차 = This car
이 탁자 = This table
이 의자 = This chair

Unfortunately, there are two words for “that”: 그 and 저. Early learners of Korean are always confused with the difference between “그” and “저.”

We use 그 when we are talking about something from a previous sentence or from previous context, regardless of if you could see it or not. Providing examples would be too difficult right now because you do not know any Korean sentences. However, if I were to say: “I don’t like that man [when your friend mentioned him in a previous sentence].” The word “that” in that sentence would be how “그” is used.

We use 저 when we are talking about something that we can see, but cannot touch because it is too far away.

We can place “그” or “저” before a noun to describe “this” or “that” thing just like we did with “이.”

이 사람 = This person
그 사람 = That person
저 사람 = That person

이 남자 = This man
그 남자 = That man
저 남자 = That man

이 여자 = This woman
그 여자 = That woman
저 여자 = That woman

이 의자 = This chair
그 의자 = That chair
저 의자 = That chair

이 탁자 = This table
그 탁자 = That table
저 탁자 = That table

Again, although the English translations of “” and “” are the same, it is important to remember that they are not the same word in Korean.

One of the most common words in Korean is “것” meaning “thing.” When 이, 그 or 저 are placed before “것,” the result is a compound word. Therefore, when placing “것” after 이, 그 or 저, there should not be a space between the two. In other words, the following are words in and within themselves, and not two separate words:

이것 = this thing
그것 = that thing
저것 = that thing

We see this same phenomenon happen with other common words that you learn in future lessons. You don’t need to worry about this now, but we see this same thing happen with the word  (meaning “place”) and  (meaning “time”).

With these words, the word “thing” isn’t necessary in the English translation. Let me explain.

I’ll use “that” as an example, but the same idea can be applied to the word “this.”

“That” can be placed before a noun to describe it. As we saw earlier:

That person
That man
That woman

However, it can also be a noun itself. For example:

I like that

In this type of English sentence, “that” is referring to some thing that you like. It is a noun. It is a thing.

Therefore, the sentence could just as easily be said as:

I like that thing

I don’t like to use grammatical jargon in my lessons, but if you know what these words mean, it could be helpful. In both English and Korean, “that” can be a determiner (as in, “I like that man”), and it can also be a pronoun (as in “I like that”). When used as a determiner in Korean, you should place 그 before a noun. When used as a pronoun in Korean, the word 그것 is used.

In this same respect, while “이, 그 and 저” translate to “this, that and that” respectively, and are placed before nouns to indicate “this noun, that noun and that noun,” “이것, 그것 and 저것” are nouns (they are pronouns). Therefore, they do not need to be followed by the redundant word “thing,” although their meanings would be exactly the same:

I like this
I like this thing

I like that
I like that thing

We can now use these nouns as subjects or objects in a sentence. We will look at how they can be used with “이다” next.

Using This/That with 이다

Remember, 이다 translates to “to be” and is conjugated as “am/is/are” in English. Now that we know how to use 이, 그 and 저 (and 이것, 그것 and 저것), we can now make sentences like this:

That person is a doctor

We can start by putting those words into the Korean structure:

That person는 doctor is

And then changing the English words to the appropriate Korean words:

그 사람은 +  의사 + 이다
그 사람은 의사이다

More examples:
그 사람은 선생님이다 = That person is a teacher

이것은 탁자이다 = This (thing) is a table

저것은 침대이다 = That (thing) is a bed

그 사람은 남자이다 = That person is a man

그 사람은 여자이다 = That person is a woman

그것은 차이다 = That (thing) is a car

이것은 나무이다 = This (thing) is a tree

Monday, May 10, 2021

Lesson # 3 with Maria - Adjectives

 I. Adjectives

I.A. Degrees of Adjectives


I.B. Kinds of Adjectives

1. Descriptive- also called qualitative adjectives. 

Participles are also included in this type of adjective when they modify a noun.










2.





Example sentences: 

It was made of a 
strange

green

metallic
 material.

It’s a 
long

narrow

plastic
 brush.

Panettone is a 
round

Italian

bread-like
 Christmas cake.

She was a 
beautiful

tall

thin

young

black-haired

Scottish
 woman.

What an 
amazing

little

old
Chinese cup and saucer! 

2. Quantitative- describe the exact or approximate amount of noun. Examples: any, couple, double, each, every, few, full, great, many, most, much, neither, little, some, all 

Finally he took down a couple of cups and poured them some coffee

He heard neither the clock nor the birds.

3. Proper- a modifier that is formed by the proper noun. Examples: American, British, French

4. Demonstrative- This, that, these, those

5. Possessive- 

6. Interrogative- what, which, whose. They are used in interrogative sentences. These words will not be considered as adjectives if a noun does not follow right after them. 

Example: What movie is worth watching today?

Which pencil is yours?

Whose fault is that?


What is the difference between "which" and "that" ?

"That" is used to indicate a specific object, item, person, condition, etc., while "which" is used to add information to objects, items, people, situations, etc. Because "which" indicates a non-restrictive (optional) clause, it is usually set off by commas before "which" and at the end of the clause.

Example: Our yard that has the big rose bushes could use a good mowing.

Our yard, which has the big rose bushes, could use a good mowing.


7. Indefinite-any, each, few, many, much, most, several, some

8. Articles- articles determine the specification of nouns. 'A' and 'an' are used to refer to an unspecific noun, and 'the' is used to refer to a specific noun.  

9. Compound - 2 or multiword adjective. Examples: part-time keeper, all-too-common mistake, four-foot table, Harry Potter actor, "get out now" look, quick-witted lady, record-breaking show, two-week break, air-tight seal, polo-neck top


II. Test

1. Andrea had a ________ in her hair yesterday.

 nice yellow bow
 yellow nice bow
 bow nice yellow

2. She lost a ________ .

 small white cat
 cat small white
 white small cat

3. I bought ________ oranges.

 great some big
 big great some
 some great big

4. We met ________ people at the conference.

 very smart two
 two very smart
 very two smart

5. The clown was wearing a ________ hat.

 big green-yellow
 big green and yellow
 yellow and green big

6. The cookies that you ________ .

 smell delicious baked
 baked smell delicious
 delicious smell baked

7. Is it ________ ?

 cold getting outside
 getting cold outside
 getting outside cold

8. The course you are ________ .

 taking sounds interesting
 sounds interesting taking
 interesting sounds taking

9. My uncle wore a ________ to the wedding.

 silk blue tie
 tie blue silk
 blue silk tie

10. Have you met that _____ next door?

 cute boy new
 cute new boy
 new boy cute


1. He was wearing a ________ shirt.
  dirty old flannel
  flannel old dirty
  old dirty flannel

2. Pass me the ________ cups.
  plastic big blue
  big blue plastic
  big plastic blue

3. All the girls fell in love with the ________ teacher.
  handsome new American
  American new handsome
  new handsome American

4. I used to drive ________ car.
  a blue old German
  an old German blue
  an old blue German

5. He recently married a ________ woman.
  young beautiful Greek
  beautiful young Greek
  beautiful Greek young

6. This is a ________ movie.
  new Italian wonderful
  wonderful Italian new
  wonderful new Italian

7. She is a ________ supermodel.
  beautiful slim Brazilian
  Brazilian beautiful slim
  slim Brazilian beautiful

8. It's in the ________ container.
  large blue metal
  blue large metal
  blue metal large

9. He sat behind a ________ desk.
  big wooden brown
  big brown wooden
  wooden big brown

10. She gave him a ________ vase.
  small Egyptian black
  black Egyptian small
  small black Egyptian